2020ICM问题F真题

问题标题：淹没在塑料中

年份：2020
学生等级：本科生
来源：ICM

问题

自 1950 年代以来，塑料的用途广泛，例如食品包装、消费品、医疗设备和建筑，其制造业呈指数级增长。虽然塑料有显著的好处，但增加塑料产量所带来的负面影响令人担忧。塑料制品不易分解，难以处理，而且只有大约 9% 的塑料被回收利用[1] 。每年大约有 400 万至 1200 万吨塑料垃圾进入海洋，这便是其影响[1,2]。塑料垃圾对环境造成了严重后果，预计如果目前的趋势继续下去，到 2050 年，海洋中的塑料将比鱼还多[2]。人们已经研究了塑料对海洋生物的影响[3]，但其对人类健康的影响尚未完全了解[4] 。一次性和一次性塑料制品的兴起导致整个行业都致力于制造塑料垃圾。这也表明，产品的使用时间明显短于适当缓解塑料垃圾所需的时间。因此，要解决塑料垃圾问题，我们需要减缓塑料生产的流动并改善塑料垃圾的管理方式。

您的团队已受雇于国际塑料废物管理委员会( ICM )，以应对这一日益严重的环境危机。您必须制定一项计划，以大幅减少（甚至消除）一次性塑料产品垃圾。

开发一个模型来估算一次性或一次性塑料产品废弃物的最大水平，这些废弃物可以安全地减少而不会造成进一步的环境损害。您可能需要考虑许多因素，包括这些废弃物的来源、当前废弃物问题的严重程度以及处理这些废弃物的资源的可用性。

讨论塑料垃圾可以减少到何种程度以达到对环境安全的水平。这可能涉及考虑影响塑料垃圾水平的因素，包括但不限于一次性塑料的来源和用途、塑料替代品的可用性、对公民生活的影响，或城市、地区、国家和大陆减少一次性塑料的政策及其有效性。这些因素可能因地区而异，因此考虑特定地区的限制可能会使某些政策比其他政策更有效。

利用您的模型和讨论，为一次性或一次性塑料产品的全球废弃物设定最低可实现水平的目标，并讨论实现这一水平的影响。您可以考虑人类生活发生的变化、环境影响或对价值数万亿美元的塑料行业的影响。

虽然这是一个全球性问题，但其原因和影响在各个国家或地区并不均等。讨论全球危机引发的公平问题以及您打算采取的解决方案。您建议 ICM 如何解决这些问题？

向 ICM 写一份两页的备忘录，描述全球一次性或一次性塑料产品废弃物的现实目标最低可实现水平、达到该水平的时间表，以及任何可能加速或阻碍实现目标和时间表的情况。

您的提交内容应包括：

单页摘要表
目录
两页备忘录
您的解决方案不超过 20 页，最多 24 页，包括摘要、目录和两页备忘录。
注意：参考文献列表和任何附录不计入页数限制，应在完成解决方案后显示。您不应使用未经授权的图像和材料，这些图像和材料的使用受版权法限制。确保您引用了您的想法和报告中使用的材料的来源。

词汇表

一次性塑料制品：不可回收而成为垃圾的塑料材料或制品。

减轻：使严重程度降低、缓和、缓解。

塑料废物：未经妥善回收或无法回收的塑料物品；由塑料制成的碎片。

一次性塑料制品：由塑料制成，一次性使用后丢弃的产品。

可到文末下载完整版中英文真题

以下是英文版真题

Problem

Since the 1950s, the manufacturing of plastics has grown exponentially because of its variety of uses, such as food packaging, consumer products, medical devices, and construction. While there are significant benefits, the negative implications associated with increased production of plastics are concerning. Plastic products do not readily break down, are difficult to dispose of, and only about 9% of plastics are recycled^[1].聽 Effects can be seen by the approximately 4-12 million tons of plastic waste that enter the oceans each year^[1,2]. Plastic waste has severe environmental consequences and it is predicted that if our current trends continue, the oceans will be filled with more plastic than fish by 2050^[2]. The effect on marine life has been studied^[3], but the effects on human health are not yet completely understood^[4]. The rise of single-use and disposable plastic products results in entire industries dedicated to creating plastic waste. It also suggests that the amount of time the product is useful is significantly shorter than the time it takes to properly mitigate the plastic waste. Consequently, to solve the plastic waste problem, we need to slow down the flow of plastic production and improve how we manage plastic waste.

Your team has been hired by the International Council of Plastic Waste Management (ICM) to address this escalating environmental crisis. You must develop a plan to significantly reduce, if not eliminate, single-use and disposable plastic product waste.

Develop a model to estimate the maximum levels of single-use or disposable plastic product waste that can safely be mitigated without further environmental damage. You may need to consider, among many factors, the source of this waste, the extent of the current waste problem, and the availability of resources to process the waste.

Discuss to what extent plastic waste can be reduced to reach an environmentally safe level. This may involve considering factors impacting the levels of plastic waste to include, but not limited to, sources and uses of single-use or disposable plastics, the availability of alternatives to plastics, the impact on the lives of citizens, or policies of cities, regions, countries, and continents to decrease single-use or disposable plastic and the effectiveness of such policies. These can vary between regions, so considering regional-specific constraints may make some policies more effective than others.

Using your model and discussion, set a target for the minimal achievable level of global waste of single-use or disposable plastic products and discuss the impacts for achieving such levels. You may consider ways in which human life is altered, the environmental impacts, or the effects on the multi-trillion-dollar plastic industry.

While this is a global problem, the causes and effects are not equally distributed across nations or regions. Discuss the equity issues that arise from the global crisis and your intended solutions. How do you suggest ICM address these issues?

Write a two-page memo to the ICM describing a realistic global target minimum achievable level of global single-use or disposable plastic product waste, a timeline to reach this level, and any circumstances that may accelerate or hinder the achievement of your target and timeline.

Your submission should consist of:

One-page Summary Sheet
Table of Contents
Two-page Memo
Your solution of no more than 20 pages, for a maximum of 24 pages with your summary, table of contents, and two-page memo.

Note: Reference List and any appendices do not count toward the page limit and should appear after your completed solution. You should not make use of unauthorized images and materials whose use is restricted by copyright laws. Ensure you cite the sources for your ideas and the materials used in your report.

Glossary

Disposable Plastic Products: plastic materials or products that are not recyclable and become trash.

Mitigate: To make less severe, to moderate, to alleviate.

Plastic Waste: plastic objects that have not been recycled properly or cannot be recycled; debris made of plastic.

Single-Use Plastic Products: products made of plastic intended for one time use before being discarded.

完整版MCM/ICM美赛获奖论文下载⇓

备赛的同学可扫码试听辅导课程

报课免费赠送【2015-2024美赛历年真题集+MCM/ICM历年获奖论文集】⇓